Rather than a “winner takes all” fight between LEO and GEO, the future of resilient connectivity will look like a sky stack — HAPS for rapid deployment, VLEO for latency-sensitive services, MEO for trunking, and GEO for broadcast. This blog lays out the comparative metrics and the boardroom decisions you should be making now.

In September 2025, SpaceX sought FCC approval for 15,000 VLEO satellites, leveraging its recently acquired EchoStar MSS/AWS-4 & H-block spectrum. This blog traces the deal details, the regulatory filing and timelines, and what MNOs must consider on roaming, device band support, and spectrum sharing.

Using the Friis/FSPL framework, we compare GEO, LEO and VLEO to show why very-low altitudes unlock satellite-to-phone and efficient backhaul. We walk through dB-level examples, highlight real-world losses, and map the board-level trade-offs in power, antennas and spectrum.

VLEO satellites sit closer to users than classic LEO, delivering better link budgets and lower latency — perfect for direct-to-device and resilient backhaul. But atmospheric drag, atomic oxygen, and duty-cycle propulsion make VLEO a different business. This brief explains the tech, risks, economics, and the 2025 regulatory context.

In an era where technology underpins almost every aspect of our daily lives, the significance of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) systems cannot be overstated. These systems are the unseen backbone of countless applications, from ensuring the smooth flow of traffic to supporting critical infrastructure like power grids and financial networks. As the world becomes more reliant on these technologies, it is crucial for governments and industry leaders to collaborate eff

In today's rapidly evolving technological landscape, the importance of resilient Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) systems cannot be overstated. As our reliance on digital infrastructure grows, these systems are becoming the backbone of modern technologies, ensuring accuracy and reliability in everything from transportation to communication networks. For investors, understanding the potential of resilient PNT is crucial, as it represents a burgeoning avenue for innova

In an age where digital technologies dominate our daily lives, it's fascinating to see a piece of 20th-century technology making waves once more. Meet eLORAN, a navigational system that is resurfacing as a potential solution to modern-day technical challenges. Originally developed during World War II, eLORAN was designed to provide accurate positioning and timing information. As our reliance on GPS has grown, so too have concerns about its vulnerabilities, sparking renewed in

In an increasingly interconnected world, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have become a cornerstone of everyday life, powering everything from smartphone maps to complex logistics networks. However, as reliance on these systems grows, so too does the potential for risk, leading to new regulations that aim to ensure their reliability and security. These regulatory changes are crucial for anyone who depends on GNSS technology, as non-compliance could have significant