VLEO satellites sit closer to users than classic LEO, delivering better link budgets and lower latency — perfect for direct-to-device and resilient backhaul. But atmospheric drag, atomic oxygen, and duty-cycle propulsion make VLEO a different business. This brief explains the tech, risks, economics, and the 2025 regulatory context.

Using the Friis/FSPL framework, we compare GEO, LEO and VLEO to show why very-low altitudes unlock satellite-to-phone and efficient backhaul. We walk through dB-level examples, highlight real-world losses, and map the board-level trade-offs in power, antennas and spectrum.

In September 2025, SpaceX sought FCC approval for 15,000 VLEO satellites, leveraging its recently acquired EchoStar MSS/AWS-4 & H-block spectrum. This blog traces the deal details, the regulatory filing and timelines, and what MNOs must consider on roaming, device band support, and spectrum sharing.

Rather than a “winner takes all” fight between LEO and GEO, the future of resilient connectivity will look like a sky stack — HAPS for rapid deployment, VLEO for latency-sensitive services, MEO for trunking, and GEO for broadcast. This blog lays out the comparative metrics and the boardroom decisions you should be making now.

مقدمة: التهديد غير المرئي الذي لا يمكننا تجاهله في الساعات الأولى من يومٍ عاديٍّ من عام ٢٠٢٤، بدأت الطائرات فوق بحر البلطيق تُبلغ عن...

Quantum communications is not science fiction — it’s the next frontier of secure networking. Here’s what boards must know to avoid being blindsided.

Quantum key distribution is powerful — but not for everyone. Here’s the board-level view on when to invest and when to wait.

Quantum satellites will decide who controls tomorrow’s secure communications. Boards need to factor space sovereignty into risk planning.

Telecoms and infrastructure companies face unique challenges — from regulatory complexity to capital intensity and geopolitical risk. Boards cannot afford generic governance alone. This article explains why specialist non-executive directors (NEDs) bring essential value to telecoms and infrastructure boards, and how their sector knowledge strengthens resilience, investor confidence, and long-term strategy.

As companies expand internationally, boards face complex risks and opportunities that require cross-border expertise. This article explains how to appoint a non-executive director (NED) with global experience, what qualities to prioritise, and the governance challenges international boards must prepare for.